Analysis of the Roots That Created Bigger Thomas Free Essays

Thomas, offer ascent to grating yet quiet signs, which will help see a portion of the fundamental roots that drove Bigger Thomas to submit to an existence of crimes. The main perspective that adds to Mr.. We will compose a custom paper test on Examination of the Roots That Created Bigger Thomas or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Thomas’ defeat Is the ruthless and unreasonable racial impression of his time. Greater Thomas is blamed for a wrongdoing which he didn't submit. The assault of a white well off lady named Mary. Albeit Bigger Thomas didn't submit the assault, he will consistently be blamed for such conduct for being dark. As expressed by Bigger himself: † All those white men In a gathering, firearms In their grasp, subterranean insect not be right. I don't know about what yet I realize that I am no good†. Richard Wright needs to show that despite the fact that what happens to Bigger Thomas is carefully unplanned and honest, the white man’s abuse has the ability to transform any person of color into a brute, an attacker, and an executioner. It is unavoidable! At the end of the day, Bigger Thomas speaks to the dark race in general, the person of color to be progressively explicit. Regardless of how blameless the person of color is from the outset or during childbirth, conditions and groundbreaking occasions will transform him into what he was biased to be: a brute. The second viewpoint that adds to Bigger Thomas’ creation and devastation is his family. Greater Thomas, as most African-Americans of his time, was raised without a dad, regardless of whether It be through relinquishment or deplorable mishap. At an early age, Bigger Thomas Is compelled to expect the Father figure of the family unit. HIS mother’s steady objection to him just as his more youthful sister’s analysis weighs vigorously on the individual he turned into: a Black man who will never have the regard he merits from society just as his family. The third angle that additional to the creation and obliteration of Bigger Thomas is he Dalton. One emblematic view that underpins this thought is the way that Mrs.. Dalton is visually impaired. She is ignorant concerning the social disgrace of obscurity, partialities, and shameful acts around her. Mr.. Dalton then again, even from a decent heart, doesn't understand his commitments to the breakdown of numerous men like Bigger Thomas. Despite the fact that he sees himself as a humanitarian, racial laws that Mr.. Talon’s business stands to concerning lodging leave the blacks feeling misused and utilized. The Dalton don't understand the impact of prejudice on the mistreated and the impact of bigotry on the oppressor. They speak to the little level of whites that see themselves as promoters for the dark race while being totally absent to the mischief that they are really causing. Albeit outer upgrades sun as racial biases, abuse, ten need AT regard from society and from his family have a state to the death of Bigger Thomas, it is shameful to not additionally give Bigger a lot of duty. Bagger’s his own individual and ought to have the option to see the contrast between right or wrong. In any case, unmistakably experiencing childhood in the conditions that Bigger Thomas did, one could state he never had a potential for success in hellfire. Step by step instructions to refer to Analysis of the Roots That Created Bigger Thomas, Papers

Things you probably didn`t know about British student life

Things you most likely didn't think about British understudy life Fascinating realities from the historical backdrop of British understudy life English understudy life was very fascinating and energizing in any event, during the Middle Ages. It was brimming with different customs, uproars, celebrations, and characters†¦ Ladies were not generally welcome in the scholarly world The male understudies of Cambridge University didn't need female understudies to be allowed with the full degrees. In 1897, they draped a representation of a female cyclist from Cambridge Senate House to show their dissatisfaction. Just in 1948 ladies could at long last get the full degrees. In the late nineteenth century the primary female schools were set up. Ladies had the chance to get instruction. Notwithstanding, their understudy life was difficult. Female understudies were barely viewed and firmly planned. The vicious understudy fights There was an expanding strain between the nearby individuals and Oxford's understudies. The St Scholastica Day mob of 1355 turned into the bloodiest clash in British understudy history. There was a fierce bar fight between two researchers and the taverner. From that point onward, the furnished battle started. The clinical understudies had the contention over vivisection which kept going very nearly seven years. They fought with police, let off smell bombs during legal disputes, and assaulted representations of a nearby judge. In 1907 a great deal of understudies walked on London so as to shield their privileges. In 2010 the understudy fights overflowed into savagery in the city of London. Understudies penetrated the harmony, crushing windows, tossing eggs, and setting off the smoke bombs. Accordingly, 153 understudies were captured. The permission of the youthful understudies These days, a great deal of the senior understudies can giggle at the green beans, who can carry on like little kids. Be that as it may, during the Tudor and Stuart periods it was very typical to concede the understudies in the age of 12 to the college. The way toward increasing a college degree was exceptionally long. Those youthful understudies could dazzle their mentors with the bewildering information on various dialects and subjects. The unfathomable fun Understudies have delighted in a touch of party since the soonest times. St Andrews University is known for its gathering climate. The convention of the ‘Raising Weekend’ was something uncommon. Understudies hosted a few days of gatherings and difficulties which generally finished with a froth battle. That is the way the scholarly family invited its green beans. In the sixteenth century, the understudies of Cambridge University normally engaged their friends with the mocking comedies. Everyone was drinking and singing until the morning. They even ridiculed the neighborhood individuals. Some of the time, such festivals could be wild, so the college specialists had to boycott such celebration for a long time. A warm greeting of outside understudies Outside understudies could learn at the British colleges since the twelfth century. Huge numbers of them confronted doubt, antagonistic vibe, segregation, and partiality. Be that as it may, an enormous number tormented a positive image of their understudy life in Britain as an outsider. Edward Atiyah, who was conceived in the Ottoman Empire, was treated with amicability and consideration while learning at Oxford. He didn't feel that he was an outsider among the English individuals. He had positive experience of concentrating in another nation. Samuel Satthianadhan was the Indian understudy, who learned at Cambridge during the 1870s. He felt himself very open to concentrating with British understudies. He had no sentiment of cumbersomeness. Also, the British colleges invited a great deal of the displaced person understudies during the two universal wars. Understudy life was strikingly directed The understudy life was not generally the hour of opportunity. In the Middle Ages, understudies' conduct and ethics were altogether controlled. Understudies should be calm in character and legit throughout everyday life. They hadn't sufficient time for the extra-curricular exercises they were keen on. Understudies rehearses bows and arrows or went for strolls talking in Latin. In 1410 the specialists of Oxford University gave a pronouncement which upheld the understudies to live in the college corridors to keep them from visiting whorehouses and bars around evening time. Colleges weren't only for the rich It is a prevalent view that lone kids from the well off families could learn at the primary British colleges. The medieval Oxford, St Andrews, and Cambridge conceded understudies from the center positioning families. By the seventeenth century the sizarships were set up. Sizars needed to function as college hirelings so as to pay the decreased expenses. It was somewhat corrupting for them, however such early bursary framework allowed numerous brilliant personalities the chance to get the advanced education.

Low-grade Rhabdoid Meningioma: Morphological Characteristics

Second rate Rhabdoid Meningioma: Morphological Characteristics Arvids Jakovlevs, Andrejs Vanags, Janis Gardovskis, Ilze Strumfa Synopsis Rhabdoid meningioma (RM) is an uncommon sort of meningioma. It is delegated an evaluation III tumor (anaplastic meningioma) in the ongoing World Health Organization (WHO) order of the tumors of the focal sensory system (CNS). Here we depict an exceptional instance of RM without any highlights of danger. Barely any instances of poor quality RMs are depicted in the writing interestingly with the evaluating of this element in WHO grouping. Catchphrases: meningioma, rhabdoid, second rate Point OF THE DEMONSTRATION The point of our article is to report an instance of irregular RM lacking harmful highlights as to the issue about the prognostic centrality of rhabdoid morphology in meningiomas. CASE REPORT A 37-year-elderly person was admitted to the emergency clinic because of dynamic migraines over past 1.5 years. The attractive reverberation imaging of head and mind uncovered a very much separated intracranial injury estimating 3.53.63.6 cm (Figure 1A). The mass was found nearby the frontal bone and was connected to the dura mater. The patient experienced a craniotomy and all out tumor resection. Histological assessment of the neoplasm uncovered cells steady with rhabdoid morphology. The tumor was for the most part made out of polygonal, rather enormous cells that had capricious cores, emphatically eosinophilic cytoplasm with plentiful pale globular considerations and noticeable cytoplasmic granularity (Figure 1B). The cores of neoplastic cells were marginally pleomorphic. Mitoses were missing in the entire example. Furthermore, the tumor had all around created stringy container that divided it from ordinary mind tissues. Psammoma bodies were found in certain territories of the tumo r. Immunohistochemical representation (IHC) indicated extreme cytoplasmic articulation of vimentin and epithelial layer antigen (Figure 1C-D) just as solid atomic articulation of progesterone receptors in the tumor cells. The neoplastic cells didn't communicate smooth muscle actin, desmin, HMB-45, S-100 protein, kappa and lambda light chains. Ki-67 multiplication record was as low as 1.5 %. Consequently, the morphological appearance and immunohistochemical highlights were predictable with RM and poor quality cell attributes. Conversation Tumors with rhabdoid morphology were first portrayed in 1978 according to threatening renal tumors of youngsters (1). These days, numerous tumors with rhabdoid morphology are known in various confinements including CNS and meninges. Rhabdoid cells have no proof of myogenic root. The term „rhabdoid† is utilized to mean close histological likeness of tumor cells to rhabdomyoblasts. Rhabdoid cells are described by run of the mill light infinitesimal morphology: round cells with flighty, vesicular cores, conspicuous nucleoli and eosinophilic cytoplasm with paranuclear globular incorporations (3). Meningiomas creating from the meninges are among the most widely recognized intracranial tumors. As to tumors, medical procedure is the backbone of treatment, and neurosurgeon likewise is engaged with the arranging of further perception and treatment in understanding to the tumor grade (5). Meningiomas show wide scope of histopathological appearances. While most of meningiomas are benevolent tumors (WHO grade I meningiomas), a few meningiomas have expanded danger of nearby repeats (WHO grade II meningiomas) and the minority are really harmful and have a danger of metastatic scattering; these are named WHO grade III meningiomas (2). RM is an extraordinary kind of meningioma which was depicted without precedent for 1998 (3). It was discovered that rhabdoid morphology in meningiomas was related with a more terrible anticipation (3). Not long after this discovering RM was isolated as an unmistakable element in WHO order of CNS tumors distributed in 2000. RM has been delegated an evaluati on III neoplasm by WHO (2). Reliable with the harmful conduct, critical mitotic action, anaplasia and other atypical highlights are typically found in RMs (2, 4). Be that as it may, there are some detached reports of RMs with no proof of cell atypia (6). For our situation finding of RM was set up because of unadulterated rhabdoid morphology alongside meningothelial birthplace that was plainly exhibited by IHC. Nonappearance of atypia in the tumor cells and low Ki-67 multiplication file was steady with poor quality meningioma in the current case. All in all, rhabdoid meningioma once in a while needs histological highlights of threat that can prompt disarray if the rhabdoid morphology is constantly connected with harmful conduct. Expanded consciousness of second rate rhabdoid meningiomas is important to assess the forecast and to design the treatment fittingly. REFERENCES Beckwith JB, Palmer NF. Histopathology and visualization of Wilms tumors: results from the First National Wilms’ Tumor Study/Cancer, 1978; 41:1937 †1948 Cooper WA, Shingde M, Lee VK, Allan RS, Wills EJ, Harper C. â€Å"Rhabdoid meningioma† lacking threatening highlights. Report of two cases/Clin Neuropathol, 2004; 23(1):16 †20 Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK. Meningeal tumors/In: Bosman FT, Jaffe ES, Lakhani RS, Ohgaki H. WHO Classification of tumors of the focal sensory system. fourth release. Lyon: IARC; 2007; 164-180 Perry A, Scheithauer BW, Stafford SL, Abell-Aleff PC, Meyer FB. Rhabdoid meningioma: a forceful variation/Am J Surg Pathol, 1998; 22:1482 †1490 Walcott BP, Nahed BV, Brastianos PK, Loeffler JS. Radiation treatment for WHO grade II and III meningiomas/Front Oncol, 2013; 3:227, doi:10.3389/fonc.2013.00227 Zhou Y, Xie Q, Gong Y, Mao Y, Zhong P, Che X, Jiang C, Huang F, Zheng K, Li S, Gu Y, Bao W, Yang B, Wu J, Wang Y, Chen H, Xie L, Zheng M, Tang H. Clinicopathological investigation of rhabdoid meningiomas: Report of 12 cases and an efficient audit of the writing/World Neurosurg, 2013; 79(5-6):724 †732 3t-Alkyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones: Synthesis 3t-Alkyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones: Synthesis 3t-Alkyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones Union A helpful and non-arduous one-pot union strategy created by Noller and Baliah [50] has been utilized effectively for the blend of 3t-alkyl-2r, 6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones 32 by the buildup of methyl ketones, fragrant aldehydes and ammonium acetic acid derivation in 1:2:1 molar proportion (Scheme 13). It’s a non-difficult one-pot combination of 3t-alkyl-2r, 6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones 32. Different subbed piperidin-4-ones were likewise integrated by adjusting the above technique [53-,57]. Regularly utilized commonplace method detailed by Baliah and Jeyaraman was adjusted to union a few subbed 3t-alkyl-2r,6c-difuranylpiperidin-4-ones 33 and 3t-benzyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones 34 with helpful alteration [58,59]. Seven r(2),c(4)- bis(isopropoxycarbonyl)- t(3)- aryl-c(5)- hydroxy-t(5)- methylcyclohexano-nes (aryl = C6H5, p-ClC6H4, p-FC6H4, p-OMeC6H4, p-Me2NC6H4, m-O2NC6H4 and m-C6H5OC6H4) have been blended by consolidating isopropyl acetoacetate with fragrant aldehydes within the sight of methylamine [53]. Aridoss et al have incorporated a variety of novel N-morpholinoacetyl-2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-ones just as imidazo(4,5-b) pyridinylethoxypiperidones and Structure and stereochemistry of all the N-morpholinoacetyl-2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-ones have been broke down utilizing 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic methods [54,55]. 1H and 13C NMR spectra have been recorded for 2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-one (3_-hydroxy-2_naphthoyl)hydrazones and 3,3-dimethyl-2r,6c-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-one [56-57]. Change to different subordinates Different subordinates from piperidin-4-ones have been gotten which incorporates oximes 35 [60-73], hydrazones 36 [57,74], semicarbazones 37 [75], thiosemicarbazones 38 [69], and phenylhydrazones 39 [76] by the response of the carbonyl gathering with appropriate reagents. 2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones have been diminished to acquire 4t-Hydroxy-2r, 6c-diphenylpiperidines 40a and 4c-hydroxy-2r,6c-diphenylpiperidines 40b. N-subbed 2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones 41-51 was gotten by the response of the NH work with appropriate reagents have been accounted for (Scheme 13) [77-84]. Physico-compound investigations A few physico-compound investigations have been performed for 3t-Alkyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones and their subordinates [64-91]. A few investigations have reported the compliances of different subbed 2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-ones [78,86]. Pandiarajan et al. [88] have intricately talked about the adaptations of 32 and proposed seat compliance to these mixes with central aura of the aryl and alkyl substituents dependent on their NMR unearthly information. Replacement of alkyl bunch at C-3 situation of the piperidine ring makes the ring straighten somewhat about C(2)- C(3) bond likely to diminish ignoble communication among aryl and alkyl bunches at C(2) and C(3). Stereochemistry of N-acetyl and N-benzoyl-2r,6c-diphenylpiperidin-4-one oximes 5256 has been as of now detailed [89]. Union and adaptation of 3t-chloro-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ones 57 additionally been accounted for [90,91]. Manimekalai et al. [92] showed the compliance of benzyl bunch in 4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidines 58. Pharmacological examinations Numerous piperidine subsidiaries have pharmacological exercises including antimicrobial, cell reinforcement and anticancer exercises and to frame a basic piece of the atomic structure of significant medications [9, 93-97]. Piperidin-4-ones have been utilized for improvement of mixes with specific natural exercises incorporate antiviral [98], antitumor [99], pain relieving [100], neighborhood sedative [101,102], bactericidal [103], fungicidal [103], herbicidal [103], insecticidal [104], antihistaminic [104], calming [104], anticancer [105], CNS energizer [105], antitubercular and depressant [106] exercises. Prior reports have obviously settled that the organic activities[R1] of

Honesty to Speak Speech and Silence in Othello - Literature Essay Samples

Speech in Shakespeares Othello possesses a power beyond that of deeds. It is Othellos fantastical storytelling that won him Desdemona at the start, Iagos poisonous suggestion that leads the general to murder his own wife, Emilias testimony that traps the villain in the end. Not all of this speech is true, and we will never know for sure whether Othellos handkerchief is magic or why Iago created his plot; but words, regardless of their truth, convince the characters even more than physical evidence does. When characters control their speech, either by remaining silent or by bursting out, they exert the strongest power they can have over the plays world.Iago, a skilled manipulator, is in complete control of his voice. He finagles Roderigos purse by persuading the young man that he will send the money to Desdemona, and then works on harder prey. Upon seeing Cassio finish talking to Desdemona, Iago mutters, I like not that a comment he pretends to be private but wants Othello to hea r. Othello asks Iago what he said, and Iago replies, Nothing, my lord; or ifI know not what. After insinuating Cassios guilt, Iago gets Othello to mention that Cassio repeatedly visited Desdemona before her marriage. Iago exclaims, Indeed! and then falls silent, despite Othellos prodding for an explanation. These two lines rouse Othellos suspicions because they appear involuntary, and are therefore more likely to be indications of Iagos true thoughts. The words themselves, however, are innocent. That Iago dislikes whatever Cassio was doing, perhaps kissing Desdemonas hand or even just standing next to her, is probably true; Iago hates everybody in the play, particularly Cassio. His other comments are meaningless, but they are pauses that invite Othello to infer the darker motivations behind; Iagos silence, not his speech, frames Desdemona.Iago excuses his silence by saying that oft my jealousy/Shapes faults that are not, and he is honest. He discourses about Cassios military inexperience and his tawdry affairs, warns Othello of Desdemonas unnatural behavior and deceptive practices. And yet he avoids directly accusing Cassio, and never claims that Desdemona is having an affair. Instead of lying, Iago uses silence to make Othello fill in the gaps. If Iago had laid the whole accusation bare, Othello would probably be incredulous and ask Desdemona to confirm the truth, just as Emilia, when Othello tells her about Iagos deceptions, asks her husband, Did you ever say that she was false? Though he admits to doing so, he never did, replacing that claim with circumstantial evidence. For example, he says Cassio had an erotic dream about Desdemona, and the audience is no more justified to discount that claim than Othello is to believe it. Cassios tongue has loosened against his will before, revealing a less noble officer than he first appears. He has previously made mildly insulting remarks about his social inferiors, telling Desdemona, [Iago] speaks home, madam, you may relish him more in the soldier than in the scholar, and excuses his own breeding for kissing Emilia. (Since Cassio knew this courtesy would offend Iago, his reasons for taking it are somewhat suspect.) After Iago has gotten him drunk, Cassio shows the true extent of his sense of superiority. He shouts, The lieutenant is to be saved before the ancient, and attacks Roderigo for his presumption, crying a knave teach me my duty? Iago partially proves that Cassio is the rash and very sudden in choler man he claimed, undeserving of the lieutenancy, and partially makes him so, much as he handles Othello. Cassios courtly, hyperbolic praise for Desdemona, a maid/That paragons description and wild fame, may likewise have transformed during sleep into the baser, cursed fate that gave thee to the Moor! Cassio, obsessed with safeguarding his reputation, can afford to admit his lapses only to Iago, whom he trusts, who has already seen Cassios drunkenness, whose opinion he car es little for, and who thinks far worse of the lieutenant than any confession could account. If Cassio has any faults other than drinking, fighting, and whoring, he takes great pains to hide them. He also has some virtue, and can hardly bear to acknowledge his drunkenness. For both these reasons, when Othello calls upon him to account for his brawling, Cassio responds, I pray you pardon me, I cannot speak. Montano, the other combatant, is too wounded to explain what happened, and Roderigo has slipped away. By orchestrating the silence of his comrades, Iago remains the only one able to tell Othello what happened, and by his favorite tactic of pretended reticence, convinces the general that Cassio was more at fault than he actually was. Othello thinks that Iago is reluctant to condemn Cassio more than he does because of loyalty to his worthy friend. Because Iago will not say that Cassio is bad, Othello thinks he is worse; because his trusted ensign keeps silent, the general thi nks the truth too horrible to reveal. But when Iago keeps his mouth shut, it is to avoid divulging good. He hates to acknowledge it just as much as Othello shudders to contemplate his wifes infidelity. Othello presumes, because he cannot stomach ill deeds, that no-one can. When Iago says that Cassio lay, With her, on her, what you will, Othello falls into a epileptic fit. He thinks it is as painful for the hesitant Iago to say such things as it is for himself to hear them. The Moor cannot even tell Desdemona her supposed crime; he shouldto cinders burn up modesty/Did I but speak thy deeds.Heaven stops the nose at it. With Iago, his mouth is freer to shout, Damn her, lewd minx: O damn her, damn her! but Othello does not notice this effect of Iagos presence. At first, it is joy that Othello cannot name, he cannot speak enough of this content, it stops me here, but once Iago has finished his work, the voluble Othello has no content to speak of. Whenever the general opens his mouth to praise Desdemona, Iago warns, Nay, you must forget all that, and by Act III, Othellos wonderful tales of deserts vast and antres idle have become fantastical lies about the handkerchiefs magic powers, to frighten Desdemona.When speaking about the handkerchief, Othello asks Desdemona where it is, and she will not answer at first. His constant questioning, ist lost? Ist gone? Speak, ist out of the way? implies that Desdemona here hesitates. Heaven bless us! is her final unfortunate response, as though she were praying to be pardoned for adultery. Her mind refuses to compass Othellos meaning, and so she thinks nothing of her words and lies about the handkerchief, as though this would protect her from its powers. Her pauses also cause Othello to trust her less both in the future and the present, as her initial dithering makes the lie that much more transparent.Soon after, she makes the same mistake for similar reasons. Othello never tells Desdemona what she has allegedly done until too late. He calls her a whore and Emilia a bawd, but prostitution is not Desdemonas supposed crime. He orders her to swear she is honest and she will not, possibly because of confusion that he meant honest about the handkerchief, possibly out of sheer overwhelmedness or modesty but probably because she cannot believe Othello does not love her; she blinds herself to Othellos meaning and asks whether he is mad because of Brabantio, which he is obviously not. [Othellos] unkindness maynever taint my love, says Desdemona, as though her husband simply were not feeling himself. (Unkindness in Shakespeares usage often hovered between unnaturalness and the modern sense) She then decides, despite every sign to the contrary, that politics is the real reason for Othellos behavior. And when she knows herself lost beyond all hope to her husbands love, she refuses to say so, but only, answers have I none.She does manage to swear that she is neither a strumpet nor whore, unfortuna te word choices in the context of being treated like a public commoner and not an adulteress, as the words could mean either. Her earnest prayer of, heaven forgive us! just as before moves Othello from the brink of believing her back to renewed suspicions. Othello, already believing Desdemona lost, told her with dubious theology to be double-damned, but the first item she would be damned for (dishonesty) is the same as the second. He wanted Desdemona to convince him that she really was honest, and her avoidance of Othellos command, though she somewhat makes up for the deficiency a few lines later and even swears her faithfulness just after Othello has left the room, damns her just as Iagos silence does.I cannot say whore, she confides to Iago, and oddly enough, shares that quality with him. (Iago does speak it in Othellos presence, but never, even during soliloquy, in reference to Desdemona.) Othello trusts Iago because the ensign will not mention foulness, and suspects Desdem ona for that same quality. Iagos poison has made what is to him as luscious as locustsas acerb as coloquintida; Othello fluctuates between believing Iago and not daring to, but by the time of their marriage is prepared not only to hear but to put any slander on her. While Iago patiently listens, Othello rages about Desdemonas infidelity and pours out his words in a gush of imagery mocking the kind seas that brought the couple to Cyprus. Desdemona does not keep her peace for the whole play; she speaks at Cassios request and Iagos manipulation. She pesters Othello with the suit, promising to talk him out of patience and giving a long, repetitive entreaty with its nagging cadences of, Shallt be shortly?shallt be tonight?tomorrow dinner then? etc. Othello dismisses Desdemona and murmurs a loving aside, apparently about to give in, but Iago turns her words against her and implicitly contrasts them with his own virtuous reticence. Othello, though possessed of an elegant tongue, prof esses his own inexperience in speech to the Dukes council; he mistrusts his own words, doubting that they wooed Desdemona enough, and in his worry wonders whether she tired of him because he lacks soft parts of conversation. Iago demonstrates the power of his words as he employs them to cast doubt on Desdemonas, but Othello fails to understand the tactic. It is not words that shakes me thus he exclaims upon falling into a fit, yet, of course, it is; words, and the play of his imagination. To Othello, more honesty resides in Iagos hesitant speech than in Desdemonas long scolding. As Iagos tightens his grip on Othellos mind, he speaks more freely. At first he swears, you cannot [know my thoughts], if my heart were in your hand and I am not bound toutter my thoughts, but later changes his tack, saying, as I am bound, receive it from me. He tells Othello what the general already half-believes, furthering Othellos trust in words with him. The more Othello listens to Iago, the more words control him, and the less he realizes it. He abandons his demand for ocular proof in an instant; Cassios mocking words and Desdemonas uneasy speech convince him at least as much as the sight of the handkerchief does. By his skill and luck, Iago finds enough of this proof to prevent Othello from realizing that he only heard half a conversation and saw no proof at all. This handkerchief scene, which mixes verbal and visual evidence, confuses Othellos trust in the visual with his suspicion of speech, and makes him put all his faith in Iagos account. And it is at this point that Desdemona, when speech could help her most, goes silent. Because Desdemona, unlike Othello, is unwilling to harm her beloved, another character must testify for her. The somewhat less pure and virtuous Emilia, heretofore quiet, calls for help, rails at Othello, and condemns Iago. It is difficult to say just how much Emilia knew about her husbands plot, but she does come very close to unmasking him, knowingly or not, before Desdemona; she also wails, I thought so then upon hearing his scheme. She stood by while Othello shouted at his wife, demanding the handkerchief Emilia gave to Iago. In spite of all this suspicion, she does not open her mouth until Desdemona is already dead. Iago complains that his wife nags him constantly when not in public, but he also claims that she has slept with about half the army, and we never hear Emilia pestering her husband. She declares herself eager to make him happy, doing nothing, but to please his fantasy, and indeed she seems to have some strange notion that Iagos fantasy can be pleased, avoiding the realization that she has married a demi-devil whose sole joy on earth is to destroy the greatness of better men than himself. When she asks him about the least of his crimes, suggesting Desdemonas guilt, she adds, I know thou didst not, thourt not such a villain./Speak, for my heart is full. Emilia, like Desdemona, dares not incriminate h er husband.Unfortunately for Iago, Emilia is not the epitome of virtue, maidenly silence, and devoted matrimonial love that Desdemona plays. This woman finds the role of servant to a kind mistress more important than that of wife to Iago. Like Othello, she has two competing relationships, one built upon love, the other based on authority; for her the positions are switched. Emilia and Desdemona discuss sexual infidelity as equals; Iago orders his wife around. Similarly, Othello marries Iago and then abuses Desdemona. Othello wavers between trusting his fears and his hopes about his spouse, moving between explosive rage, explosive love, and mute horror. If he cannot name the cause, Emilia can too well, mentioning it no less than five times in fourteen lines. She is not Iagos wife for nothing; her canny calculations of what it would take to make her cheat on her husband contrast both Othellos and Desdemonas innocent and impractical tongue-tied purity. Emilia is less effective than her husband; she does not approach his level of thinking everyone as base as possible. Perhaps Desdemonas advice of, Do not learn of him, Emilia, though he be thy husband caused her unlucky trust in the essential goodness of humanity (unlikely) or perhaps, like Desdemona, Othello, and Roderigo, Emilia could just refused to wrap her mind around Iagos unbounded villainy. Yet she is the first to see it (except for poor Roderigo, who made the mistake of confronting Iago alone; were it not for Gratianos protection, Emilia would have ended up like the young Venetian before she could tell of the handkerchief) and when she finally realizes a fraction of its extent, she speaks.Emilias powerful, vengeful outburst of righteous indignationYou told a lie, a an odious, damnd lie!is the first truly free speech in the play. She will not stop for shame, like Cassio, or as Iago pretends to, for Desdemonas modesty or Biancas fear; Iago cannot command her silence like Roderigos or Othellos. No r is her accusation, like Othellos, Brabantios, or Roderigos (i.e., of Desdemona, not of Iago) spurred by him. Emilia, once she has seen the truth, confronts it though she betrays her husband, endangers her life, and threatens her disgrace. She does not react like Othello or Desdemona; she tells Iago plainly of the matter and he, not realizing the trap, admits to making the suggestion. When she explains the matter of the handkerchief, Othello believes her open outrage where he doubted Desdemonas fearful prayers.Iago, having lost his power over speech, reacts in the only way he can: he murders Emilia, and refuses to speak. His half-defiant gloat, Demand me nothing. What you know, you know./ From this time forth, I never will speak word, is his final taunt to the audience and Othello; we never doubt for an instant that he will break his oath, despite all the tortures the state can inflict. The play is over; most of the characters are or will soon be dead; he has no more reason to speak, no gulls to trap, no audience to confide in. Order has triumphed and the truth has outed, the state will handle everything and report what has happened. But none of that matters. Iagos silence still controls the play, the question of his motive still unsolved. Cassio may reign in Cyprus, but Iago rules both the hopelessly ignorant Venetians, sure that he will open his lips to pray, and the minds of the audience. Reputation and government may have the last word, but speech, the true heart of morality and power, lies beyond them.

after earth review - 1162 Words

In this review, we will discuss Will Smiths movie After Earth directed by M. Night Shyamalan. Smith’s movie is about a military father and his teenage son. One thousand years after cataclysmic events forced humanitys escape from Earth, Nova Prime has become mankinds new home. Legendary General Cypher Raige returns from an extended tour of duty to his estranged family, ready to be a father to his 13-year-old son, Kitai. When an asteroid storm damages Cypher and Kitais craft, they crash-land on a now unfamiliar and dangerous Earth. As his father lies dying in the cockpit, Kitai must trek across the hostile terrain to recover their rescue beacon. In Kitai’s whole life, he has wanted nothing more than to be a ranger like his father.†¦show more content†¦For example, all the spaceman in the world still need to carry big oxygen container in order to breath at space. Other than that, we totally agree that earth contain gravitational force. As mentioned by General Cypher Raige in the movie, earth contain high gravitational force than other planet. If earth does not contain gravitational force, all the living things and non-living things will float on the sky. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton, who discovered gravity, was a mathematician physicist. Many people have the image that he was sitting under an apple tree when an apple fell and hit him on the head, thus giving him the idea for gravity. In reality what he discovered was that there existed a force that is required to change the speed or direction of a moving object. After much further experimentation he wrote his theories of gravity. They have been the basic mathematical solutions for the way that things attract and repel for hundreds of years now. Besides that, we also agree a moral value which is the love of a father to his son. In the movie, we can see that General Cypher loved his son very much. Before his son carried out his mission, Cypher taught him how to survive and guided him through the screen. Cypher did not take the pain killer although both of his legs broke. This was because he will feel sleepy and cannot see clearly after taking it as he want to protect his son through the screen in theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Indian Liberation : American Indians And The Boarding School Experience852 Words   |  4 Pagesthese resources after attending a pow wow on the White Earth Reservation to increase my understanding of the Native American culture. There are four books in particular that have sparked my curiosity: American Indian Liberation: A Theology of Sovereignty by George E. Tinker; Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928 by David Wallace Adams; Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900-1940 by Brenda J. Child; and The White Earth Tragedy: EthnicityRead MoreWhat On Earth Review : What An Earth780 Words   |  4 PagesMeta: Whipping through the outer reaches of the universe and the some, Microgaming is serving up a true intergalactic adventure in new game What an Earth! What on Earth Review There are a select few names that represent the crà ¨me de la crà ¨me of action in the world of online slots, with Microgaming being one of them. Over the years they’ve rolled out countless great games, many of which has stood the test of time fantastically. 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Humans areRead MoreAmerican Romanticism : An Important Time For Poetry And Its Development974 Words   |  4 Pagescontrasts himself and the earth and how each of them feel. He also talks about how they are different. As stated in the poem, Emerson says â€Å"how graceful climb those shadows on my hill†, Emerson wrote about his feelings towards the earth and mother nature, this is what this quote represents. He also wrote about the feeling the earth has by stating, â€Å"earth laughs in flowers to see her boastful boys earth proud, proud of the earth which is not theirs†, this quote is talking about the earth feeling as thoughRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Animals And Environments1156 Words   |  5 PagesRationale Standards SC.5.L15 asserts that Earth is a home to a great diversity of living things whose survival depends on the changes in the environment. However, individuals of the same kind usually differ in characteristics, and such differences give individuals an advantage to survive and reproduce in certain environments (CPALMS, 2015). Real Life Applications When observing the different characteristics of animals and environments, it is possible to determine the kind of environment that a particularRead MoreGlobal Warming: The End of our Ice Caps Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesfuels is having an alarming affect on our climate. Global warming will change the Earth in unimaginable ways. With the ever increasing amount of Greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere, glaciers are now melting rapidly causing sea level to rise. The coastal changes will be sure to change our living environment over the next few hundred years. Global Warming is a phenomenon in which the temperature on the Earth increases. 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The Three Families in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee...

Harper Lee’s Novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird and the Contrasts between three different families In Harpers Lee’s novel To Kill A Mockingbird, Lee has created three unique families. The Ewell’s were a family who lived like slavish animals, a perfect t mold of a stereotyped redneck. The Cunninghams too, are a poor family but they are very proud, much like a farmer type of stereotype who never took anything that they could not repay. The Finches are the most distinct and well respected by the whole town of Maycomb and have lived their life according to a code of values that they apply equally to everyone. Having said this, the Ewells, the Cunninghams and the Finches were three very distinct families with a differing code of†¦show more content†¦Conversely to this, Burris was never noticed at school but when he was noticed by the students and they started talking to him he would beam with pride. He also was rude and insulting witch he would have learned from his father as he has no mother. As said by little Chuck (pg 27) â€Å"he’s a mean one, a hard down mean one† witch suggests his father to be an abusive man and a drunk recording the family’s actions throughout the novel and the timeline. Coming from Atticus’ point of view the Ewells have certain privileges that allow them to do things others can not because the kids would die of starvation or worse if they did not have them. As much as Atticus hates the Ewells, he does not want the kids to suffer more than they have to and mealy explains that â€Å"The Ewells had been the disgrace of Maycomb for 3 generations†. The fact remains that through the novel one will see the Ewells in a trapped vortex of hate and anguish as they struggle to get by, each becoming more like the father and growing farther apart from society no matter how much they desire to be a part of it. Concluding the fact, the Cunninghams were another set of folks in Maycomb with a distinct set of values. To the rest of Maycomb the Cunninghams are viewed as a very self sufficient family. Though they are very poor they always pay back what they owe, and never ask of anything in return. Despite the fact that the Cunninghams pay back what they own in supplies, they areShow MoreRelatedThe Historical Events Found in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee682 Words   |  3 PagesThe use of events in novels from history is not uncommon. Harper Lee does this in her historical fiction novel, To Kill A Mockingbird. The setting of the book is the 1930s, because this was an important decade of change for America. Harper Lee utilized cultural parallels between important historical events and ideas in To Kill A Mockingbird to show the hardships of the 1930s that influenced corruption of the human mindset. One of the largest, and most crippling events of the 1930s was the GreatRead MoreThe, The Gray Ghost, By Harper Lee1366 Words   |  6 PagesCompleting the Puzzle Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel about a young girl growing up in the racist South, tests one’s ethics and delves into some of the more profound human principles. The story of Maycomb, a sleepy Southern town, is rooted with the values, lessons, and symbolism of Harper Lee. Throughout the novel Harper Lee pays attention to even the smallest details, making sure that all writing has a purpose. That said, there are three books that Harper Lee mentions: Ivanhoe, The GrayRead MoreTheme Of Nature In To Kill A Mockingbird1394 Words   |  6 Pagesmessage to life. As shown in To Kill a Mockingbird, nature and various aspects of humanity are associated in the form of a mockingbird. As it relates to the novel, A mockingbird represents a commonality of an understood sin. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is well known, classic novel originally published in 1960. Though the novel was written in a different time span, its plot vividly details and expresses the events, emotions, and issues during the 1930s. Lee isolated her novel’s setting toRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesown. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestly. Even though money was not as much of a problem for her family as it was forRead MoreHarper Lee Was Born In 1926 In Monroe, Alabama, A Village1071 Words   |  5 PagesHarper Lee was born in 1926 in Monroe, Alabama, a village that is still her home. She attended local schools and the University of Alabama. Before she started writing she lived in New York. In New York she worked in the reservations department of an international airline. She is a winner of Pulitzer Prize, two honoray degree and other literaray awards. Other than writings Lee s chief interest are nineteenth century literature, eighteenth Century music, politics, travelling and spending time withRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1248 Words   |  5 PagesrRealistic fFiction novels because it helps the reader understand what the author is trying to convey. In this novel with the title To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee used that to her own advantage;, the techniques in this book were very clear to the eye and it helped the reader more to understand the part that they were reading. In the book To Kill A Mockingbird the story is about a little girl named Scout who lives in the south in a little town called Maycomb, Alabama and during the Great DepressionRead More The Life of Nelle Harper Lee Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesThe Life of Nelle Harper Lee On April 28, 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born to Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. Along with her siblings, Alice, Louise, and Edwin, Harper was educated in Monroeville Public Schools before going on to attend Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama. After a year at Huntingdon, Lee decided to follow in the footsteps of her father and began studying law at the University of Alabama in 1945 [2]. 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All of these characters were innocent and unaware of what Maycomb was, and their innocence was taken away from them because of that. In To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee relates the theme of growing up and loss of innocence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the ways Harper Lee relates to the   theme is throughRead MoreThe Life Of An American Literary Icon1206 Words   |  5 Pagesone kind of folks. Folks (Lee 304). Harper Lee is one of America s most famous and beloved writers of her time. She has inspired people with her unique down-to-earth writing voice and her presentation of the rawness of people and life in general. Because of Harper Lee, America has learned to appreciate the differences in others from ourselves because you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view (Lee 39). Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926

Political Undertones of Eurovision Essay Example For Students

Political Undertones of Eurovision Essay HSTY 2605 Essay Is the European Song Contest only an annual cultural event or does it have political undertones? The European Song Contest (ESC) is far more than simply a cultural event. It is an event, which not only portrays the political views of the time, but also effects how political events will be shaped in the future. The organisers of the ESC have attempted to maintain the contest as being apolitical however politically significant events constantly occur. Through this essay I will use a number of examples of different countries and acts throughout the history of the contest that have portrayed political sentiments of the time, and ways in which the ESC has influenced politics through its results. The ESC is a competition held annually between all active members of the European Broadcasting Union. It is the largest festival for popular music in the world, with up to six hundred million people watching internationally every year. Each country participating in the contest votes for their favourite act, excluding themselves, with twelve points going to the most popular, ten to the second, and so forth. The contest has been running for over fifty-five years, this year, and over this time there have been various instances where the contest has turned from being a cultural event, into an arena to showcase a political message. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) claims that the ESC is not a political stage and that any act that is too politicised shall not be included in the competition. This occurred in 2009 when the EBU informed Georgia that they would have to alter their entry which was entitled ‘We Don’t Want to Put In. ’ Which was an obvious stab at Russia, which had been attempting to control Georgia. Georgia altered their song but the message was still clear. The EBU does attempt to keep the ESC apolitical. Voting rights in the ESC are handled by the broadcasting organisations of each country, not by the government as a way to ‘prevent the kind of political interference by individual countries. The ESC was initially aimed to be a ‘contest of peace’ and the organisers were of the view that they ‘had to be above politics’. Yet there are extremely obvious political messages portrayed in Eurovision. In 1969 when the contest was being held in Spain, Austria refused to take part as a protest against the dictator Franco. In 1975 Greece withdrew from the contest as it was going to be Turkey’s first year in the competition and the following year Greece’s entry to the competition was a song, which protested Turkish occupation of Cyprus. Eurovision is legendary as an arena for settling diplomatic scores, venting ethnic grievance, baiting national rivals and undermining governments. ’ For all the EBU attempts to keep the ESC from becoming politicised, it has undoubtedly become a forum for political messages to be stated. It is claimed that the ESC is becoming more and more politicised with countries voting based not on the merits on the song, but on loyalty or to show support for a certain country. The analysing of voting patterns shows that certain countries tend to give their points to the same group of countries, generally because of their geopolitical relation. However it is claimed that this is not because of politicised bias, but instead because these countries are from similar area’s and share similar cultures and therefore enjoy each other’s taste in music. However throughout the history of the contest, particularly in recent years, there has been far more evidence which proves that there is indeed an agenda other than song merits behind who is voted for in the ESC. Another reason the ESC is claimed to be becoming politicised is the high number of citizens of European countries living outside of where they were born and claim to come from. The rules of the ESC state that one cannot vote for their own country, however this does not stop people from voting for their country if they are not living there. As a result there are high numbers of ex-patriots voting for their own country. Since the collapse of the USSR and the eastern bloc of communist countries, there have been a surge in the number of countries that participate in the ESC. These countries have signalled the arrival of a new cultural and political stage for Europe as in the past ten years, these Eastern European countries have dominated the ESC. In the past ten years, seven of the winners have been from previously communist countries. One of these countries, and their win is particularly significant is the Ukraine. The Ukraine won the ESC in 2004. As the winners in 2004, the Ukraine would host the contest in 2005 in Kiev. However just months before the competition was due to be held the Orange Revolution started. Under the revolution a large proportion of the public rejected the chosen political candidate claiming that the election had not been fair. There were thousands of supports of the western-leaning candidate, which culminated in hundreds of thousands camping at Independence Square in Kiev. A revote was ordered and the pro-western candidate was announced the winner. The Orange Revolution portrayed the Ukraine’s struggle to shift away from Russia and to a more western style governance. The ESC was held in Kiev just months after the revolution, which was an opportunity the Ukraine, used in order to portray their struggle. The Ukraine act for 2005 referred to the rigged election but was rejected for being ‘too political’. Eurovision marked the end of the revolution and was a very politicised event. A key example in the political nature of the ESC is the participation, failure and success of Yugoslavia during the Cold War period. Yugoslavia began taking part in the contest from 1961. In the first twenty years of its participation, Yugoslavia had limited success. It was trying to present to Western Europe its socialist views in a form which were popular to Eastern European audiences, but were relatively unpopular with Western audiences. Yugoslavia questioned whether it should change the form of how it presented itself to appeal to Western European audiences. Vuletic argues that this questioning reflected Yugoslavia at the time and its debate as to what form Yugoslavian culture and politics should take in this period. It is claimed that because Yugoslavia was the only Eastern European bloc country involved in the ESC its chances were hampered, as it could not rely on the support from is neighbours, which has become so significant in the ESC. Langston Hughes' Salvation EssayCountries, as a rule, do not vote based on musical preference, rather due to geopolitical and cultural similarities. Reference List Bjornberg, Alf, Return to ethnicity: The cultural significance of musical change in the Eurovision Song Contest, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. (Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) Bohlman, Philip, World Music: A very Short Introductiion (New York, Oxford University Press, 2002) Gol, Ayla, Turkeys Eurovision, (National Europe Centre Paper no 107. http://dspace. anu. edu. au/bitstream/1885/41667/2/Eurovision. pdf (viewed on April 29 2010) Mueller, Andrew, The Politics of Pop, The Guardian (26 March 2005) O’Connor, John Kennedy, The Eurovision Song Contest 50 years: The official history (Sydney, NSW, ABC Books, 2005). Pajala, Mari, Finland, zero points: Nationality, failure, and shame in the Finnish media, in Raykoff, Ivan T obin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) pp 71 Raykoff, Ivan (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. (Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) Rianovosti, Eurovision organizers reject Georgia’s ‘Put In’ lyrics, http://en. rian. ru/world/20090310/120503026. html (viewed on 29 April 2010) Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment: Turkey, Europe and Eurovision 2003, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in he Eurovision Song Contest. (Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) pp 135 Vuletic, Dean, The Socialist Star: Yugoslavia, Cold War politics and the Eurovision Song Contest, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contes t. (Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) pp 83 . O’Connor, John Kennedy, The Eurovision Song Contest 50 years: The official history (Sydney, NSW, ABC Books, 2005). Pp 4 . O’Conner, The Eurovision Song Contest 50 years pp 5 . Raykoff, Ivan (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. (Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) . Rianovosti, Eurovision organizers reject Georgia’s ‘Put In’ lyrics, http://en. rian. ru/world/20090310/120503026. html (viewed on 29 April 2010) . Rianovosti, Eurovision organizers reject Georgia’s ‘Put In’ lyrics, http://en. rian. ru/world/20090310/120503026. html (viewed on 29 April 2010) . Raykoff, (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 3 . Bohlman, Philip, World Music: A very Short Introductiion (New York, Oxford University Press, 2002) . Svante Stockselius in Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 3 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 3 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 3 . Mueller, Andrew, The Politics of Pop, The Guardian (26 March 2005) . Bjornberg, Alf, Return to ethnicity: The cultural significance of musical change in the Eurovision Song Contest, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) pp 13 . Bjornberg, Return to ethnicity, pp 20 . Bjornberg, Return to ethnicity, pp 21 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 11 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 11 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 4 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 4 . Eurovision TV, History of Eurovision, http://www. eu rovision. tv/page/history (accessed on 30 April 2010) . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 4 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 4 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 5 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 4 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 5 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 5 . Raykoff (2002), Camping on the border of Europe, pp 5 . Vuletic, Dean, The Socialist Star: Yugoslavia, Cold War politics and the Eurovision Song Contest, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) pp 83 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 88 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 88 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 88 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 88 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 88 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 89 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 95 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 94 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 96 . S vilanovic, cited in Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 97 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment: Turkey, Europe and Eurovision 2003, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. (Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) pp 135 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 143 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 140 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 140 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 138 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 138 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 140 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 140 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 138 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 140 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 140 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 140 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 142 . Gol, Ayla, Turkeys Eurovision, (National Europe Centre Paper no 107. ) http://dspace. anu. edu. au/bitstream/1885/41667/2/Eurovision. pdf (viewed on April 29 2010) . Gold, Turkeys Eurovision, http://dspace. anu. edu. au/bitstream/1885/41667/2/Eurovision. pdf (viewed on April 29 2010) . Gold, Turkeys Eurovision, http://dspace. anu. edu. au/bitstream/1885/41667/2/Eurovision. pdf (viewed on April 29 2010) . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 141 . Solomon, Thomas, Articulating the historical moment pp 142 . Pajala, Mari, Finland, zero points: Nationality, failure, and shame in the Finnish media, in Raykoff, Ivan Tobin, Robert Deam (ed), A Song for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. (Hampshire; Burlington; Ashgate; 2007) pp 71 . Pajala, Finland, zero points, pp 72 . Pajala, Finland, zero points, pp 72 . Vuletic (2003), The Socialist Star, pp 86 . Pajala, Finland, zero points, pp 76 . Pajala, Finland, zero points, pp 76 . Pajala, Finland, zero points, pp 79 . Pajala, Finland, zero points, pp 80 . Pajala, Finland, zero points, pp 82

Recruitment and Selection Strategies for Law Enforcement free essay sample

Focus paper Chicago, Illinois October 16, 2012 Table of Contents Chapter l. Abstract Implementation Abstract Page 4 Ill. .. . 15 VI. 17 Introduction Research 12 V. Conclusion References This paper will examine the issues of recruitment and selection that plague many police departments around the country. It seems that when the initial entry exams are offered to the public, the problem arises in the quantity and quality of the applicants that arrive to take them.The reader will have an understanding of the seasons that may be responsible. This paper will examine what some police departments, as well as businesses in the private sector, have done to correct the problem of recruitment and selection. After an exploration of various methods, provided will be educated suggestions in improving the recruitment and selection practices of law enforcement agencies. This paper will thoroughly discuss specific approaches and their objectives. Techniques to inspire management and subordinates with recommendations will also be discussed. We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment and Selection Strategies for Law Enforcement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Understandably, these suggestions will come at a cost, however, this paper will describe how these cost may e counter balanced. The reader will be provided with the methods used in evaluating the strategies effectiveness. With any well-ran business or organization, recruitment and selection is pivotal in maintaining its success. However, staffing is no easy task, and this also holds true when it comes to law enforcement agencies. It is not merely sufficient to hire an adequate amount of individuals; it is necessary to hire the right ones that are capable of handling such a demanding Job.Police departments face many obstacles while recruiting and selecting their officers that are going to man their streets. While some struggle with these hurdles, other departments have taken to replenishing with ease. The public sector does not stand alone with hiring issues as private businesses have faced similar challenges. Many strategies may be utilized in the ever-lasting endeavor of recruiting and selecting. Selling these approaches can go a long way in seeing them implemented in ones agency as well as taking into consideration cost factors.Also, one must be prepared to provide a system of evaluation for any presented proposition. Research Filling openings became more difficult as they seem to have currently increased. The U. S Department of Justice [JUDOS] (2009) suggests that vacancies in police departments have risen and give the following explanation for its findings: In recent years, several factors have created an unusually high number of vacancies in police departments, according to anecdotal evidence from the field. Police officers called to active duty with military reserve units and the National Guard left their posts to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan.Some veteran police officers, lured away by higher pay, separated from public service to pursue security work at big corporations or to take Alice trainer positions with contractors overseas. Officers from state and local agencies accepted positions with federal agencies that were ramping up to fight terrorism. Baby boomer officers who Joined the police force in the sass and sass began retiring in high numbers. The general view among police leaders is that recruitment has not kept pace with the changes. (p. ) Therefore, recruiters for several law enforcement agencies already find themselves in an up-hill battle. Not only do they have to deal with the increased amount of vacancies; more importantly, hey must meticulously fill these positions with the right individuals for the Job. Applicants should have an accurate understanding of what they are signing up for. When applying for occupations in the private sector, most people have an idea of what the Job entails. However, the actual details of what a profession in the law enforcement field encompasses may be deceiving. Many of the major cities police departments utilize on their Job hiring website an approach that either emphasizes or exclusively promotes the basic needs of money and benefits, and the appeal of the excitement of a police career Monsoons, 2006, Para. 2). However, compared to many jobs in the private sector, a career in law enforcement simply does not stack up very well against them in terms of salary. As for the excitement aspect, according to Johnson (2006), many who take on the profession of law enforcement officer become deceived by the lackluster nature of police work and discouraged by unwarranted civilian complaints.Not only do most recruiters fail to portray an accurate account of police work, they fail to hire a staff that reflects its community. Police leaders are ally committing an injustice to their departments by not focusing on diversity when it comes to recruiting. White and Cobra (2008) found that there has been supported research that lack of diversity in a departmen t is likely to cause negative community relations and an increase in police misconduct. However, these are not the only areas where not committing to the diversification of an agency can be detrimental.An essential recruitment tool may go neutralized as the underestimations of minority police officers in some departments creates a shortage of role models (JUDOS, 2009, p. 5). Not only should the pool of applicants be multiracial, but vast as well; because there are other organizations selecting from it. The private security industry seems to be growing in strength and numbers. As this takes place, private security firms also have an advantage in recruiting over law enforcement agencies because they usually hire officers as young as 18 years old.They are allowed to do so since these officers do not possess the authority to arrest or carry a firearm (JUDOS, 2009). Just as the private security industries, the armed forces select out of the same labor pool as police departments. The competition that law enforcement agencies receive from the military in recruiting efforts is fierce. Like private security firms, the military can hire officers as young as 18 years old. In the past, the population that was discharged from the military often pursued a career in law enforcement due to similarities in the nature of both professions.However, it is not certain how an all-volunteer military affects police recruitment (JUDOS, 2009). What is certain, the long and burdensome employment process that one must endure in getting hired is working against police recruitment. Usually, after the initial interview for most Jobs in the private sector, the applicant knows shortly after whether employment was obtained or not. This greatly differs from the hiring process for law enforcement agencies as they tend to be drawn out and contain many steps.According to JUDOS (2009), many departments lack the flexibility to expedite the testing process as applicants often have repeat visits to participate in the selection stages. A highly desirable applicant may be lost to another employer that is able to test and assess the candidate and make a firm Job offer in less time (JUDOS, 2009, p. 6). Many obstacles stand in the way of police departments who are determined to implement a successful recruitment and selection program. Therefore, strategies must be utilized with the utmost thoughtfulness.Engaging the exact community in which the department serves can go a long way in a successful recruiting effort. Logically, this will assist in making a department a reflection of its neighborhood. The JUDOS (2009) presented the following examples of two different police departments effectively engaging its community in obtaining members to select from: The city of Hartford, Connecticut, experimented with community management as a means to improve police recruitment of minority officers.Citizen focus groups helped police identify a primary barrier to recruitment, namely, the lengthy period between an applicants expression of initial interest and the offer of a job. In the mid-sass, Lexington, Kentucky, lost some community support in the wake of an officer-involved shooting, two lethal-force incidents, and a charge of biased traffic enforcement. The chief of police supported a move to overhaul the police recruitment, selection, and training program and enlisted the help of a citizen minority recruitment committee. (p. ) The two departments showed that there is an advantage in involving the comm unity in its recruitment and selection process. The need of community support in lowering the obstacles of diversification was displayed in both efforts. In terms of police recruiting, there is also a need to paint an accurate picture of what the Job actually offers. Not too many professions can truly offer the opportunity for one to directly make a difference in ones neighborhood. Law enforcement officers have the potential to create a positive impact on their respective communities.Johnson (2006) recognizes that law enforcement is an honorable profession and that the idea of making a difference should be front and center as a recruitment tool. There can be an exhilarating sense of self-fulfillment in helping others in the community. What a department is offering candidates is an opportunity to make a difference by doing good, easing pain and suffering, saving lives, bringing a calm presence to stressful situations, and helping and serving those in need Monsoons, 2006, Para. 7). An effective method in conveying such an opportunity to aspiring individuals is via the internet.With many people utilizing the internet in search of employment, it makes sense for police departments to have a presence on the web. According to Bins (2010), every law enforcement agency should be prevalent on the internet; an agencys website was described as the most effective strategy for recruitment. Departments can use their websites to market their agency to potential candidates. In turn, candidates may gather information concerning a departments mission, hiring standards, community presence, and possible career tracks.Posting departmental information along with applications on the internet makes it easier to circuit officers from other regions of the country (Bins, 2010, Para. 3). There are several other outlets recruiters can use to share information through. People have their own source of preference in receiving their news. Therefore, it is essential that police recruiters utilize every outlet available in their recruiting effort. JUDOS (2009) suggest involving the news media to increase awareness of recruitment issues and how they affect the department and community.Also suggested was the use of public-access television channels which provide an opportunity to sound off before a community about issues that require community action. Finally, using talk radio may be effective in conveying an agencys message to the entire community or drill down to a specific segment or niche of the population (JUDOS, 2009, p. 12). Furthermore, of those in the community, the youth might be the most important to reach out to. It is no surprise that many children aspire to be firefighters and police officers when they grow up. However, as they get older, some may still want to fight fires as many lose interest in policing.This phenomenon is especially prevalent in high-crime areas where police presence is high and interactions are not always positive. Many young people lose their faith in the police, and it will greatly benefit the police and the community to change that around. Changing the youths perspective of the police will assist in making the future generation understand the significance of the police and fortify a future wave of officers (JUDOS, 2009). Connecting with the youth and others in the community would be made easier if it was an entire group effort.A total- organizational approach to correcting an issue is likely to be very productive. According to Bins (2010), the culture of a department must consist of everyone avian a sense of responsibility when it comes to recruitment. This includes patrol men up to the top of the chain-of-command; since they all possess the opportunity to recruit new candidates. Each member should be aware of the departments recruitment and selection process and be given information on the agency benefits, starting salary, and any testing requirements (Bins, 2010, Para. 11).Once applicants are found, streamlining the recruitment and selection process may prove to be beneficial. It may be discouraging for applicants who are in a state of uncertainty for a long period of time regarding their offer of employment. JUDOS (2009) states that the most effective recruitment and selection processes are those that are completed quickly and allow a candidate to move swiftly from application to employment decision points (p. 9). Agencies that have adopted this philosophy have condensed their recruitment and selection process to a few days from first assessment to conditional offer of employment.The important selection standards should be greatly monitored to ensure applicants meet them. Departments must reconsider the relevance of disqualifying factors, such as credit scores, to assess their necessity in selecting officers (JUDOS, 2009). As different strategies of recruiting and selecting are proposed for the law enforcement agencies, the public sector has developed some of its own. Filling vacancies with quality people is also an objective shared with private businesses throughout the country.Therefore, individuals have devised plans to accomplish this goal with the aspiration of seeing businesses prosper. Male (2010) suggests using a method of self-selection in weeding out applicants who halfheartedly applied for open positions. This involves adding another step, such as an open group event, to the hiring process in between resume- submission and the initial interview. Self-selection will demonstrate which applicants are serious about the position by their mere presence at the event (Male, 2010). Furthermore, the group interaction reveals much more about potential candidates.While in a group, people often display distinct characteristics about themselves. As applicants interact amongst themselves in a group setting, it presents an excellent way to see their character, level of interest, working knowledge, and communication skills (Male, 2010, Para. 8). With this opportunity, recruiters would logically be at an advantage by being more prepared for the one-on-one interview. Searching for a persons attributes without focusing on industry experience is also beneficial. Certain features about people cannot be taught such as being hard-working and passionate.Therefore, recruiters should go out and interact with workers from unrelated industries and offer interviews to those who really stood out (Male, 2010, Para. 17). By doing so, recruiters can select those who meet the characteristic criteria wanted and teach them industry knowledge at a future time (Male, 2010). Current employees can also assist in finding potential candidates, and relieve some of the workload from cruisers. A monetary incentive usually works flawlessly in getting individuals to accomplish certain tasks.For this reason, Male (2010) suggests referrals as an excellent source for great applicants and offering rewards to employees for successful recommendations. A byproduct of an incentive program is referrers possibly mentoring their referrals throughout the hiring process (Male, 2010). Utilizing the various strategies that have been proposed, as a guide, one can develop a specific plan in improving recruitment and selection in a law enforcement agency. It is widely accepted, the notion of having a department being a reflection of its community. That is why it is vital to use patrolmen as part-time recruiters since they spend most of their time in the community. Departments must take time to educate their officers about basic information such as qualifying requirements, starting pay, and benefit packages. Providing squad cars with brochures containing the same information would allow officers to hand them out to citizens during down time. Also, placing a slogan like Join us on squad cars gives community members a welcoming feeling to apply. Another act of embracement would be to actively seek people via the internet.Presence on the internet has already been established as a priority in improving recruitment. In addition to the departments website, agencies must take advantage of the recent craze of social networking. Backbone and Twitter allow agencies to search specific demographics and create a two-way avenue for departments and curious individuals. Agencies can post announcements via these networks and accept and answer questions that people might have. This would establish an early relationship with the department and potential candidates.Constituting and maintaining relationships with young people can go a long way in recruiting as well. As mentioned before, embracing the next generation of police officers would increase the selection pool in the future with desirable people. It is imperative that agencies proactively seek out children within its community and get them on the right track in becoming future officers. Departments must send liaison officers into community elementary and high schools. When at these schools, they must target only the students that are succeeding academically and behaviorally.This will avoid distractions from students that are not yet ready to receive information about career paths and wouldnt present them with an opportunity to ridicule the students that are. Principals and teachers may offer field trips to police stations as an incentive to those students on the honor roll. Minimizing discouragement of the youth would strengthen their rapport with law enforcement. Eradicating the discouragement cause by the lengthy hiring process is also essential. It is no secret that many companies employ applicants much faster than most law enforcement agencies do.Therefore, in order to compete with the private sector, police departments must take a page out of their book. Hiring weekends must be announced using different outlets such as television, radio, and internet. Condensing the process to a few days would keep applicants interested in the position and disallow competitors from hiring them. The first day would begin with background checks which will quickly remove those from contention who do not meet the standard. This can be followed by a drug test and physical agility tests.For those who successfully pass these steps, the next day would include medical and psychological jesting. At this time, both the department and the applicant would have a good idea of whether or not employment is on the horizon. To spread the message of these hiring weekends, departments can utilize its own troops. Two different experts agreed; current employees make great recruiters. As previously stated, agencies must tap in to this resource and supply officers with the information necessary to equip them while in the community.In addition, they must also offer incentives to their officers for recommending an individual who eventually gets employed. One incentive may be a generous bonus that includes extra money. Another incentive may be a considerable amount of time-off hours in which the officer can use when needed. With these rewards available, most officers would make a valiant effort in finding applicants that they believe have the potential to be great officers. Implementing new strategies to better recruiting and selecting can establish the foundation of a successful department. However, their effectiveness might be hindered if department members do not buy into the strategies. Marketing innovative programs to members of the agency, from top to bottom, can really increase the chance of the programs being successful. All members must be made aware of the importance of bettering recruitment and selection. Improvement means better morale amongst colleagues, since hiring the right people who Joined for the right reasons, creates a sense of cohesiveness. Everyone would work together with the same mission. This message can be conveyed to officers via streaming videos played during roll call.The supervisor staff needs to understand that these strategies can rectify the relationship between the department and the community, making their Jobs easier. Although, one concern they might have is the monetary cost of implementing new programs. Putting management at ease concerning the financial aspect is extremely important. It is obvious that putting these recruitment strategies into motion will cost a considerable amount of money; especially for advertisement and manpower. However, agencies must realize that the cost would be eventually recuperated.The most prominent way is through a decrease in civil litigations from citizens. A more qualified and diverse department translates to a more established rapport with the community as well as reducing the likelihood of police misconduct. Also, agencies would not waste money in having to hire placement officers due to poor retention, because the new strategies would ensure the employment of officers who are more suitable for the Job. Displaying how the new strategies would be evaluated after implementation instills confidence in the probability of their successfulness.Evaluating how well recruitment and selection strategies have worked would take a few strategies in itself. A good barometer would be to observe the number of complaints on officers that were classified as sustained since the implementation of the new strategies. A decrease in the amount would indicate that the newly hired officers are more prepared in dealing with the community. In addition, an increase in the retention rate since the employment of the strategies illustrates their prosperity. Recruitment leaders may also want to conduct survey questionnaires of both officers and citizens.Questions concerning their opinion of the departments morale level since the beginning of the new recruitment strategies can provide an accurate portrayal by officers. Citizens may be asked to rate experiences with officers during noncommercial interactions such as traffic accidents and missing person reports. Surely, a good recruitment and selection strategy would withstand any of these evaluation methods. Conclusion Positive changes in a department would not be a product of remaining stagnant in the way an agency looks for and hires its officers.The initiative must be taken in developing strategies in spite of all the obstacles that hinder current recruitment and selection processes. Many plans have been cultivated by other law enforcement agencies as well as individuals from the private sector. Using these plans, one can develop a specific process geared towards improving ones respective department; hill taking into consideration marketing plans, cost measures, and evaluation procedures. Bins, J. (2010, December 16). Recruiting the 21st century police officer.

Gender and Crime essays

Gender and Crime essays Crime and Gender: Does the punishment fit? Before the jury stands the defendant. There is overwhelming evidence in the favor of the prosecution. The verdict comes back from the jury, not guilty. Why? The defendant is a woman. In our era of equal rights and civil liberties women have made great strides in their advancement and role in society, yet it seems that gender segregates when it comes to crime. There have been countless cases where women and men have been tried for the same crime, yet when it comes to verdict and sentencing, the results dont necessarily match. If one commits a crime one should be punished accordingly regardless of gender. In our society we seem to have two separate rules for our criminals, one for men and one for women. The key issue is are men and women treated equally by the criminal justice system. Another issue in gender biased sentencing is in its is its severity. Are women sentenced heavier for certain crimes then men. From the start women who commit violent crimes are all ready in the spot-light. Society has grown quite accustomed to viewing the womens role in violent crimes as that of the victim. When the women is a violator it incites a gross media fascination as a novelty. Convicted women gain more notoriety then men who are found guilty of committing the same crime. In certain cases like Amy Fisher, Loren Bobbit and most recently Louise Woodward the media celebrate the violence of women. If it had been a man who shot his lovers mate in the head or slashed and dismembered their spouse or shook a baby to death things would be different. The media would not give as in depth of coverage to the trial and sentencing would be of a longer time. The media escalates these women to such extremes due to the fact that there are so few women who are tried for criminally violent acts. Society tends to be more sympathet ...

Historical Presidents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historical Presidents - Research Paper Example The Emancipation Proclamation played a central role as it freed several slaves (Guelzo 4). Abraham Lincoln’s personality, leadership skills, communication skills and the time he governed played a central role to his success. First, he was a leader with charisma and unique storytelling ability. He could initiate conversations whenever he saw a group of people gathered. Moreover, he was a hardworking leader who made sure that he strived to succeed in everything and anything he did. His determination enabled him to pass the Emancipation Proclamation that saw an end to slavery in some states. In addition, he can be regarded as an empowering and persuasive leader; this enabled him to address public gatherings. The time he governed enabled him to made remarkable accomplishments. He became an American President at the height of abolitionist movements that aimed at ending slavery (Guelzo 5). During his tenure, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Economy Act, which reduced government spending by 25% and cut the pay of the army and government employees by 15%. The New Deal saw the passing of the Beer Act on 20 March 1933; this did away with prohibition. The beer raised government revenue; this revenue financed government projects. Other accomplishments of the New Deal include the Emergency Banking Act of 1933, National Industrial Recovery Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act, and National Labour Relations Act of 1935 (Haugen 69). By 1939, the New Deal had made remarkable accomplishments; it improved peoples lives, especially those who had suffered from the great depression. The New Deal also set the pace for the federal government to engage in social and economic affairs of the nation. Roosevelt can be regarded as a dynamic leader whose personality was notably amicable. Besides, he can be regarded as a leader who was engaging; this personality trait played a central role

Is Water desalination a viable option to meet global water demands Term Paper

Is Water desalination a viable option to meet global water demands - Term Paper Example Water scarcity has forced the scientific community to look for alternative water resources and one of the most popular options is using the water of the oceans that is vastly available. Desalinating the ocean water and making it fit for human consumptions is one of the most important solutions to the water issues that man faces today. the most remarkably true phenomena is that out of the 2.5% of the fresh water that is available moat of it is trapped in the polar ice caps while only less than 1% of this freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and sub-surface aquifers and is thus available for direct human use. The United Nations estimated that 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water is present on the Earth and only 200,000 cubic kilometers of this represents fresh water. At the continental level America shares world’s total freshwater resources (45%).Surface water present is highly polluted while indiscriminate withdrawal of groundwater for agriculture and contamination of the water have depleted these resources and hence there is need for some technology to help with the water scarcity issues. Owing to the decreasing groundwater resources and water scarcity problems and the subsequent effect this might have on world food production there have been dramatic changes in the world’s resource management approaches (Gleick, p127). Desalination activities are being done in the Arabian Gulf areas today but increasing number of countries are considering the pros and cons of adopting desalination technologies to meet the demands of the population. Desalination of water means using ocean or brackish water and removing salts and other minerals from the salty water to produce clean, drinking or potable water that is fit for human consumption and usage. Primarily Desalination is done by two different methods-thermal and membrane process. Desalination facilities use one of the five basic technologies to â€Å"extract potable

Charles Beard Essay Example for Free

Charles Beard Essay Charles Beard’s book, An Economic Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, was published in 1913 and soon became one of the most controversial literary works of its time. Beard’s main thesis in this book is essentially that the Founding Fathers chose the specific format of the Constitution of the United States to protect their personal financial interests. Beard then goes on to argue that the Constitution was written by an â€Å"elite† attempting to safeguard their own assets and financial status. Beard was expanding on Carl L. Becker’s thesis of class conflict. In the eyes of Beard, the Constitution was created by the Founding Fathers as a â€Å"counter revolution† that ran against the wishes of farmers and laborers. Beard’s theory and his publication of this book were so controversial because it seemed to demean the Constitution and everything it stood for, which angered politicians and most of the legal community, at least those who didn’t ignore it completely. However, many historians and history professors seemed to recognize it and accept it. Many people were angered by Beard’s theory because, since it disparaged the Constitution and Founding Fathers, it seemed to put down almost everything our country stands for. Taking a sacred piece of history that started our nation and trampling on it by saying that it was nothing more than rich men trying to save their bank accounts and put down the common man is bound to upset more than just a few people. One of Beard’s main critics of the 20th century is a man named Forrest McDonald. McDonald uses his study of the voting habits and financial and economic concerns of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to prove that their motives were not financial-based. He asserts that the majority of the delegates who had public securities were Antifederalists. He concludes his study by saying, â€Å"Anyone wishing to rewrite the history of those proceedings largely or exclusively in terms of the economic interests represented there would find the facts to be insurmountable obstacles†. What McDonald means by this is that Beard, who was attempting to â€Å"rewrite the history† of the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention, was doing so without any actual evidence and therefore had an empty argument. I believe that Beard’s thesis, although an interesting notion, was not necessarily a valid argument and did nothing except anger most people in the political community. Even though many people in the late 20th century accepted his thesis, I disagree with it. My reasoning for this is that, although the Founding Fathers were economically prosperous, I believe that their status made them the only ones that could be able to write the Constitution and who were in a position to make the most crucial moves in establishing the United States. I do not believe that the Founding Fathers created the Constitution simply protect their financial status, I believe their status was the reason they could write the Constitution.

Macbeth?s Responsibility :: essays research papers

The disaster in Macbeth mainly revolves around one person, Macbeth. Although other outside conflicts influenced Macbeth to start his killing spree, most of the killings are committed by Macbeth. The witches and Lady Macbeth were the ones who helped pushed him along his self-destruction path, but ultimately Macbeth decided to carry out the evil deed of murdering Duncan by himself. Macbeth’s meeting with the three witches is what first incites the disaster when they tell him that he is to be the Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland. Macbeth is surprised by this news and wants to hear more. Macbeth writing to his wife about his encounter with the witches also proved to be a mistake because she became ambitious about Macbeth becoming king and she becoming queen. Macbeth had outside influences involved in the death of Duncan, but the other deaths in the play are caused only by Macbeth. Macbeth was also responsible for the deaths of Duncan’s guards when he said â€Å"O, yet I do repent me of my fury, That I did kill them.† (A2, S3, 100-101) He had no reason for killing them but his rage enabled him to be irrational. When Macbeth became suspicious about Banquo knowing that he had killed Duncan, Macbeth ordered him and his son Fleance to be killed. Banquo was killed and Fleance escaped, which upheld the witch’s prophesy that Banquo’s future would not be happy and that his offspring would be kings. Macbeth showed his true evil when he ordered Banquo and his son to be killed. It showed that he had the ambition to act in a way that would protect his lust for power by retaining the throne of Scotland. When Macduff fled to England, Macbeth ordered that

Future of software engineering Essay

The term â€Å"Software Engineering† implies a literal meaning of the mechanics and the engineering aspects of building and deploying a software or program. However, the topic of this paper is to justify and explain the future support that organizational goals can get in the organization’s workings. The paper will be presenting the aspects of software engineering as a tool for helping organization’s fulfilling their goals. The area selected for this paper is â€Å"Decision Support Systems† i. e. the importance and suitability of such systems will be discussed as the future of software engineering. Decision support systems (DSS) will be defined in greater detail in the accompanying sections and their advantages and disadvantages will be highlighted in the final chapter. It is important to note that DSS’s are under-used in the world in terms of quantity as well as efficiency. There are very few organizations in the world that house a fully up-and-working DSS and use it extensively for the purpose of analyzing and summarizing data. The logical details of a DSS are also laid down in this paper that can lead to the relation of such systems with our topic and justify their future uses in achieving organizational goals and objectives. The level where DSS operate is also well-differentiated and the general misconceptions held about these systems are also explained to avoid confusions and expose their real job and workings. CHAPTER 2 Decision Support Systems are those systems that give an organization the edge in making decisions and understanding data by making it meaningful in a presentable and summarized output. These systems assist in the general decision making; they do not make or propose the decisions, as is the general misconception about them. Their job is to gather data, process it in pre-defined formats, accompany related information and present in an easy-to-read and user-friendly format. These systems basically cater to the needs of the executives who do not possess enough time to read all source data and need the top view of figures or data in order to shape up decisions. Thus, DSS organize data and fulfill management needs by using modeling software and/or simulation to produce reports and ad hoc queries consuming up data and raw facts and churning out meaningful information and figures. There is no restriction on the organization level on which a DSS can be installed and similarly a DSS can cater to a variety of organizational needs and objectives from all levels within the organization (Marakas, 2002). DSS are systems that take in raw facts and figures, process them, analyze and summarize those figures providing the top view or the analysis of that entire data set. Now it should be understood that the data taken by a DSS for analyzing purpose is not the basic data contained in organizational tables and files. In fact, this data is partially processed: it is the output from a Management Reporting System (MRS). An MRS is used to generate grouped reports at the Operational level (Marakas, 1998). An example would include the hours worked by each employee during a particular month. It should be understood that there is no bias or conditional filter used in disseminating the data produced by an MRS. Hence, the DSS is fortunate enough to lay its hands on data that is predominantly raw and organized. This leads to significant time saves in terms of organizing data by understanding its relevance and scope. An MRS produced report has a narrow scope (Marakas, 1998). However, DSS reports and documents are more long-lasting and can be used for future referencing. In fact, a DSS is used to produce summaries of work over time periods defined by the management or automatically set. These reports are then archived and are useful in personal analysis of trends and performance. DSS assist management in doing Trend-Analysis, forecasting and taking decisions based on the analyzed results (Holsapple and Whinston, 1996). It should be stressed again that the primary purpose of these systems is to gather data, organize it and produce analytical views that management can use in fuelling their decisional justifications. The main idea of a DSS being installed is that it can get its data from a variety of sources and still produce one summary useful for the decision. This means that managers no longer need to look at three or four different reports and spend hours trying to make sense out of them. A single composite report created by an intelligent system such as a DSS can help save time, productivity and make decision making timely and effective. This is the main aim and function of a DSS: to provide summarized and timely data for analytical purposes grouped into well-defined areas for inference (Marakas, 2002). The reporting format of a DSS is highly flexible. It can be structured or unstructured depending on the scenario, the person being reported to and the situation where the reporting is to be carried out. Although the question about the type of report is a secondary issue, the primary concern is the type of decision that can be taken using a DSS. Here again, no restrictions or barricades on the of decision, which can be anything between structured and unstructured, including a hybrid (semi-structured). DSS possess the capability to analyze data in four distinctive ways (Marakas, 2002): 1. What-If Analysis: Changing a variable and analyzing its effects on other dependent variables in the same time or work domain. 2. Sensitivity Analysis: Keeping all variables constant, except one, and noting down its individualistic effects on the output. 3. Goal-seeking Analysis: Opposite of What-If. It is done by setting the goal and looking at what changes need to be done to reach that goal. 4. Optimization Analysis: Using constraints defined by the management, it seeks for a possible set of solutions or optimizations DSS are intelligent data processors, not data creators. Without input data, DSS cannot perform any inferential tasks. Just like a car is useless without fuel, irregardless of the model and functions, a DSS, however much efficient and strong, is useless without input data and raw facts that are impediment for the decision-making and analysis purposes. CHAPTER 3 A Decision Support System is primarily for the tactical level in an organization, nevertheless it can well adapt to the other levels. It can be even be used in a hybrid of levels gathering data from one level, analyzing it and reporting it to another level. In this way, a DSS can contribute towards organizational objectives very aptly (Thompson, 1999). The fully functional DSSs in The world are a strong reflection of the fact that a DSS can really help a company to overcome its Information Reporting problems and become a leading firm in is business on the basis of the jobs performed by a DSS enabling workforce efficiency and effectiveness. The DSS works on the principle of arranging data so that inferences can be made as quickly and as easily as possible. Imagine the future corporate world without a DSS. A weary manager leading a bored, monotonous workforce that is dilapidated with the over burdening of compiling data from every nook and corner and making it meaningful and presentable to their bosses (Thompson, 1999). A DSS allows for the generation of routine reports as easy as it is to click on the Print button. The fact that a DSS allows for repeatable, routine and scheduled reports to be produced without the interference of any person makes its usage and relevance even more pronounced. The application of a DSS transforms greatly the way in which an organization works to achieve its organizational goals. Take the example of 4 workers divided in a hierarchical manner striving for the collection of data and organizing it. After this organizing, this data is given to another 2 workers who then process it and present it to the management. With a DSS in place, the job definitions change: only 1 worker from the upper hierarchy is required to monitor formats and give commands timely. Another worker is needed to key in the data, as it is automatically organized. This reduces the job for 3 lower workers and 1 upper worker. You might say, bad. But looking on the brighter side, these 4 employees’ forces and skills can be polished on another branch: say, the marketing department (Marakas, 2002). Now that brings the organization more closely and quicker to fulfilling its short-term goals, which are just a break-down of the overall long-term goals. DSS allow for Business Process Re-engineering. This means that a DSS can be implemented for a key strategy or technical change in the methodologies and the system specifications f the current work methods and practices. This may sound too subjective to be understood in a practical corporate environment. How do several firms manage a turnaround in their sales and efficiency by keeping the same bunch of employees, the same size of plants, marketing strategies and same old buyers? The answer is Business Process Re-engineering (Marakas, 1998). This means changing the old ways or trading them with new ones that are according to the practices required by the DSS implementation. A classic example is the retailer who did not have any inventory control and alarm system and was often low in certain inventory when it was high and demand and had excess of another when its season was off. After the implementation of a DSS, it was able to act an alarm system that gave beeps when certain inventory levels receded; no this conception is false. It was actually a reporting system that could use sales data and produce individualistic item reports. It simply meant that the retailer could now generate reports on the sales of his individual items on his list and compare it with what he expected each item to spend in his store. After looking at a couple or more reports, he can, ideally, identify the general time each type of grocery took to be sold and the time periods when certain inventory was needed and what was the best time to hold up more inventories considering the future aspects. One might argue as to the effectiveness of such a DSS as described above and point out the costs involved in setting up a DSS. But, believe me, in the long run, there will be a point where the decisions made using the information churned out by the DSS will result in significant cost savings and greater sales for the retailer since the retailer will now be having a fairer idea of each type of inventory and the time it took for it to be converted into sales. It is worth noting, that there was no change of inventory, marketing, employees or shop; only the DSS was implemented and BPR was carried out that lead to the retailer creeping more steadily towards his personal goals. Competition is the key for survival in today’s world, be it any industry. Globalization has meted out a strong barrier to entry for smaller firms into the global market and the existing big fishes are also finding it hard to compete with global giants. Here, comes the need and advantage of a DSS. A DSS makes it possible for an organization to keep its maintain its grip on the market as well as blesses new entrants with the opportunity to seize the market share from big giants on the basis of the reporting system they use. What do all companies have in common? Reporting that leads to Decision making. And what is the basic job of a DSS? Information organization and Reporting. So why not combine something needy with something that can fulfill the formers needs. Common sense and simple logic make it more than evident that a DSS is best suited for the achieving of organizational goals and objectives. This logic can be derived from the fact that quicker and more effective decisions fuelled by organized information will lead to strategic edges in competition and success (Marakas, 2002). History has borne testimony to the fact that often big giants in the market look to buying up small ventures in the market owing to them posing serious threats to their future goals and survival. Now the question that lies here is: what makes these small ventures so important in the eyes of big companies in that they regard them as threats, given the difference in their sizes and market shares? It must be the technology: specifically DSS and Expert Systems. While discussing the latter is beyond the scope and requirement of this paper, I would like to reinstate the use of DSS in the meeting of organizational goals and objectives. As a final bow, I would like to re-emphasize the fact that the tried-and-tested formula of the implementation of a DSS to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in company goal achieving capabilities has never been proved wrong in any major investment and changeover. Thus, we can safely assert that a DSS is essentially a valuable contributor and facilitator towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives in a timely and successful manner (Marakas, 1998). CHAPTER 4 In compendium, I would like to end my discussion with the futuristic advantages as well as the disadvantages a DSS holds. Generally speaking, there are more visible advantages of a DSS than disadvantages owing to their easy-to-use nature and the variety of jobs they can perform. The most important advantage of a DSS is the use of data and producing a timely report that can be used to justify and influence organizational decisions. On a futuristic outlook, time will become more and more scarcer and decisions will have to me made more quickly if they are to have any impact. If managers are left doodling over 300 files to understand a trend and then make a decision then it is highly likely that at the end of the day, the company will be losing out to businesses using DSS’s (Holsapple and Whinston, 1996). This is due to the high level of automatic dissemination and organization of data done by a DSS that enables it to cater to the format and the needs of specific informational roles and managerial positions. The flexibility of a DSS will allow its extensive future use for organizational goals. A DSS does not mean a system that only produces analytical reports and stops. There is more to it. The DSS also records the decisions made and stores results of decisions and retrieves such data for future decision making purposes. An example would be when a manager was in a problem to decide on price cuts in order to remain competitive. The manager did not cut the price, and soon enough, there was a 65% sales cut. Instantly, the management decided to cut the prices but were still only able to recover just 60% of the lost sales. Slowly, they progressed, lucky enough not to go out of business. In the future, when a similar situation persists, the DSS will show the past decision along with the outcome. It is important to note here also, that in line with our past definitions of a DSS being a decision facilitator, not a decision maker, the DSS will just provide the course of action taken previously, and will not propose the manager to take the step of cutting prices as it had lead to a worsening period for the company. The decision still lies at the hands of the manager who can again decide to retain prices owing to a difference of situation or other factors. The variety of data that a DSS can handle is commendable (Holsapple and Whinston, 1996). It can be configured to use several data sources easing down managerial work. Time, efficiency and ease of work all lead directly to a guarantee of achieving organizational goals, since if decisions are made on time, with good hindsight and information, they are bound to be successful and contribute towards standards set to be met by the organization. Futuristic advantages of a DSS include giving one company a strategic edge over another through the effective use of a DSS which enables them to gather information from wide sources and work with them quickly in order to produce meaningful results that can be used to trigger well-timed decisions. DSS makes Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) a possibility, a process where the core activities and components of an organizational work flow or department are re-designed to improve their effectiveness towards organizational goal achieving. A possible disadvantage of a DSS might be their stagnancy with newer data types and the need to define reporting formats and the types of reports it can produce. A coffee maker knows how to make coffee. Similarly, a DSS cannot be programmed to work with data types as they come. It has to be informed, which is done in the designing phase, and once its made, there is no automatic way in which it can align itself to a data type without it having been configured earlier. So there is the need for redefinitions. On the positive outlook, a DSS is a well-oiled machine that is a very important part in running the organizational motors nonchalantly and stopping errors and inefficiency becoming an impediment to organizational goals and objectives (Thompson, 1999). The future is not happening without the use of a DSS, for sure. It is imperative that DSS be taken on into the future since it is an efficient part required to keep the wheels of efficiency and effective time management ticking on. REFERENCE: 1. Brooks Jr. , F. P. (1987). No silver bullet: essence and accidents of software engineering, IEEE Computer, 20(4), pp.10-19. 2. Marakas, George M. (2002). Decision Support Systems(2nd Edition) 3. Marakas, George M. (1998). Decision Support Systems in the 21st Century. 4. Holsapple, Clyde W. and Whinston, Andrew B. (1996). Decision Support Systems: A Knowledge Based Approach. 5. Thompson, J. Barrie (1999). Here, There and Everywhere: The Future of Software Engineering Education. Twenty-Third Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference, from http://csdl2. computer. org/persagen/DLAbsToc. jsp? resourcePath=/dl/proceedings/&toc=comp/proceedings/compsac/1999/0368/00/0368toc. xml&DOI=10. 1109/CMPSAC. 1999. 812708